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Bonds
Bond market outlook: Seek balance amid mixed signals
Ritchie Tuazon
Fixed Income Portfolio Manager
Damien McCann
Fixed Income Portfolio Manager
Courtney Wolf
Fixed Income Portfolio Manager

The U.S. economy has been growing at the strongest rate in decades, the stock market has reached new highs and bond values have been soaring. Does it get any better than this?


Well, it’s complicated. Inflation has climbed to a 30-year high. That — combined with an improving labor market — is pushing the Federal Reserve toward interest rate hikes, which could impact both taxable and municipal bonds. Stellar growth is also expected to slow steadily in coming quarters. And while we appear to see the light at the end of the COVID tunnel, new variants remain a persistent threat.


Given these conflicting signals, a balanced approach to fixed income investing might be best. That means anchoring your portfolio with high-quality bond funds that can provide diversification, while also selectively allocating to flexible income-focused bond strategies.


Macro picture: Slower economic growth amid rising interest rates


The U.S. economic outlook is fairly strong. Bloomberg’s consensus estimate for GDP growth in 2021 is an impressive 5.7%. Although most economists see positive economic growth continuing over the next few years, they expect it to slow. By 2023, the growth rate could fall to half 2021’s rate. The international outlook is similar, particularly for the eurozone and emerging markets. China’s growth looks potentially worse, with significant risk of a negative surprise to already lackluster projections.


Inflation rose sharply in 2021. Initially, it appeared transitory, caused by short-term supply chain issues and other temporary factors. But in the late part of the year, some “stickier” components began seeing elevated levels of inflation too.


“Backlogs and supply pressures, which had been a driver of inflation, are starting to improve,” explains Ritchie Tuazon, principal investment officer of American Funds Strategic Bond FundSM. “But inflation is now showing up across stickier categories. Rising shelter costs, which includes rents, is one example.”


Central bankers have begun to take inflation more seriously, as well. “In August at the Fed’s annual Jackson Hole conference, Chair Jerome Powell laid out five reasons for the Fed’s thinking on why inflation is transitory,” Tuazon says. “Since that time, arguably all five of those factors have moved against this view. As a result, we have started to see some softening of the Fed’s initial conviction of transitory inflation.


“That said, I don’t expect the Fed to begin hiking rates before its asset taper program has concluded,” Tuazon continues. “But should inflation continue to look less transitory, the Fed could begin hiking rates immediately once the taper is complete.”


Given a 50-year-low jobless claims reading in November and an unemployment rate near 4%, the labor market no longer looks to be standing in the Fed’s way. In fact, labor shortages may be driving up wages and contributing to inflation.


Rate hike expectations have risen due to high inflation and a healthy labor market

The exhibit shows a timeline from 2021 through 2024. At the bottom of the chart are the estimates of Capital Group’s rates team for the Fed’s tightening path. The Fed may end its taper program by the end of the first quarter of 2022. It could signal an initial rate hike in the first quarter of 2022. It could implement its initial hike as soon as March 2022 or as late as the third quarter of 2022. Below this is the Fed’s dot plot of committee member median expectations and market expectations based on future pricing. It shows the median dots for the end of 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 when the Fed’s median projection for the federal funds rate will be 0.1%, 0.9%, 1.6% and 2.1%, respectively. The market estimate, based on futures pricing, for the end of 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 will be 0.1%, 0.9%, 1.4% and 1.4%, respectively.

Sources: Capital Group, Bloomberg, Federal Reserve. As of 12/15/21. Market expectations based on futures pricing. Midpoint of the federal funds target rates is shown.

Rising interest rates don’t always sink bond markets


Theoretical bond math shows that when rates rise, bond values decline. But reality isn’t so simple.


“The Fed only directly controls short-term rates,” Tuazon says. “That means rate hikes should have an outsized impact on shorter maturity bonds. Put another way, the shorter term part of the Treasury yield curve should rise more than the longer term. This would indicate a flattening of the yield curve, which tends to happen when the Fed tightens policy.”


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Bonds of varying maturities see different effects from rate increases. Consider the last four periods of hikes. The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index, the prominent benchmark for core bond funds that features a mix of high-quality issues across sectors and maturities, has only had a negative return once, while the average return over those periods was 3%.


The core bond benchmark has fared relatively well in recent periods of rate hikes

A chart showing the cumulative return of the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index during the four most recent periods of Federal Reserve interest rate hiking. For the first period shown, the federal funds rate rose by 3% from 2/4/94 through 2/1/95, and the index fell 2.4%. For the second period shown, the federal funds rate rose by 1.75% from 6/30/99 through 5/16/00, and the index rose 2.0%. For the third period shown, the federal funds rate rose by 4.25% from 6/30/04 through 6/29/06, and the index rose 6.0%. For the fourth period shown, the federal funds rate rose by 2.25% from 12/16/15 through 12/20/18, and the index rose 5.9%. It also shows a line for the cumulative average return over these periods of 3%.

Sources: Bloomberg Index Services Ltd., Morningstar. As of 11/30/21.

Selectivity matters. “Actively managed bond funds can position portfolios to focus on certain parts of the yield curve,” Tuazon explains. “We can avoid bonds that we believe will be more adversely affected by rising rates. We can also aim to mitigate inflation risk by purchasing Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS).” TIPS are linked to the Consumer Price Index, so they have the potential to outpace nominal Treasuries in periods of rising inflation.


Amid steep asset prices, be selective and flexible


“With many assets priced at expensive levels, some sectors and issuers may present more value opportunities than others in the months to come,” says Damien McCann, principal investment officer of American Funds Multi-Sector Income FundSM.


“Both investment-grade (rated BBB and higher) and high-yield (rated BB and lower) corporate spread levels look very expensive on a historical basis,” McCann continues. Spreads are the risk premium investors receive when taking on credit risk compared to Treasuries. “But other factors also matter.”


Credit quality, for example, has been declining for investment-grade corporates. The sector has seen a rising share of its BBB-rated bonds. Meanwhile, credit quality for high-yield corporates has been improving, with its share of BB-rated bonds climbing as well. Similarly, interest rate risk, as measured by duration, has been increasing for investment-grade bonds. Roughly speaking, the higher the duration, the more risk rising interest rates pose. That could be a notable factor at a time when rates look poised to rise.


Credit and interest rate risks have been rising for investment grade and falling for high yield

An exhibit showing two charts, each with two plotted lines, one for credit quality and the other for duration, a measure of interest rate risk. The time frames for each chart extend from 2011 through November 2021. One chart features investment-grade corporate bonds. It shows that its share of BBB-rated bonds, its lowest rated tier, has grown from a share of about 35% to nearly 50% of the universe. Meanwhile, its interest rate risk has risen from duration of a little less than seven years to close to nine years. The other chart features high-yield corporate bonds. It shows that its share of BB-rated bonds, its highest rated tier, has grown from a share of about 35% to almost 55%. Meanwhile, its interest rate risk has been fairly steady at around four years, lower than that of investment-grade corporates.

Source: Bloomberg. As of 11/30/21. BBB-rated bonds are the lowest rated tier in the investment-grade corporate bond market, represented by the Bloomberg U.S. Corporate Investment Grade Index. BB-rated bonds are the highest rated tier in the high-yield corporate bond market, represented by the Bloomberg U.S. Corporate High Yield 2% Issuer Capped Index. Duration is a measure of the sensitivity of the price of a bond to a change in interest rates.

“Flexibility is important here,” McCann adds. “With so much uncertainty, now is probably not the best time to be all-in on a specific sector or asset class. As markets and our information evolve, so too will the best areas in which to invest.”


This is an advantage for bond funds that take a multisector approach, as opposed to those with a singular source of income that may not hold up well as the economic picture changes. “We will search across sectors from corporate bonds to emerging markets debt to securitized bonds,” McCann continues. “Our approach seeks to pivot quickly not only between sectors based on changing macro viewpoints, but also from security to security based on new research and convictions.”


Good muni fundamentals, but research reveals relative value


Like with taxable bonds, selectivity within municipal bonds is essential. History has shown that periods of Fed rate hikes are not necessarily negative for munis. Broader bond yields can have a more significant impact. But how muni issuers will fare also depends on a multitude of factors, from potential tax policy changes to the recent U.S. infrastructure package.


“Munis are in pretty good shape from a fundamental standpoint,” says Courtney Wolf, a portfolio manager for The Tax-Exempt Bond Fund of America®. “State and local governments, and other revenue bond sectors have really benefited from COVID-related stimulus. There’s still some money there to spend.


“I’m looking for subsectors and securities that will provide strong relative value,” Wolf adds. “For example, I view many generic BBB-rated munis as expensive. Our research indicates there may be higher quality A- or AA-rated bonds from some issuers that could provide as much potential return as BBBs.”


Investment implications: Balance and selectivity


Given current trends and underlying uncertainty, consider the following actions when investing in fixed income.

  • Amid inflation, rethink cash. Investors have $4.5 trillion in money market funds. With negligible yield amid elevated inflation, holding these assets may have a negative impact on purchasing power. High-quality short-term bond funds have the potential to provide more income. Look for a strong track record of capital preservation.
  • Stay strong at the core. Assets are priced at expensive levels. Meanwhile, growth is expected to slow, and risks are expected to persist. Diversification remains important. Funds that seek to avoid interest rate risk and protect from inflation may be especially noteworthy.
  • Be selective about income. As global markets move toward a new normal, some bonds and sectors will fare better than others. Research-driven management has the potential to pursue better opportunities.
  • Consider the after-tax benefits of municipals. With strong fundamentals, muni bonds may remain a good value for investors in higher tax brackets.

The 2022 outlook is cautiously positive, but not without risks. Consider maintaining a balanced portfolio with fixed income that can provide diversification and a measure of income.



Ritchie Tuazon is a fixed income portfolio manager with 23 years of industry experience (as of 12/31/23 ). He holds an MBA from MIT, a master's in public administration from Harvard and a bachelor's from the University of California, Berkeley.

Damien J. McCann is a fixed income portfolio manager with 24 years of investment industry experience (as of 12/31/2023). He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration with an emphasis on finance from California State University, Northridge. He also holds the Chartered Financial Analyst® designation.

Courtney Wolf is a fixed income portfolio manager with 18 years of investment experience (as of 12/31/23). She holds bachelor’s degrees in computer engineering and economics from Northwestern University.


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The return of principal for bond funds and for funds with significant underlying bond holdings is not guaranteed. Fund shares are subject to the same interest rate, inflation and credit risks associated with the underlying bond holdings. Lower rated bonds are subject to greater fluctuations in value and risk of loss of income and principal than higher rated bonds. Income from municipal bonds may be subject to state or local income taxes and/or the federal alternative minimum tax. Certain other income, as well as capital gain distributions, may be taxable. The use of derivatives involves a variety of risks, which may be different from, or greater than, the risks associated with investing in traditional cash securities, such as stocks and bonds.


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