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Investment insights from Capital Group

The last time U.S. and Canadian inflation was in the high single digits, Ronald Reagan was president, Pierre Trudeau was prime minister and stainless-steel DeLorean sports cars were rolling off the production line.  

Perhaps that’s why 2022, in some ways, feels like taking a trip back in time. High inflation, rising interest rates, a bruising bear market and a proxy war with Russia seem all too familiar to anyone who lived through the early 1980s.

Today’s market environment, however, has been shaped by an entirely different event. The COVID-19 pandemic and, crucially, the response to the pandemic have created large distortions in the economy and markets — from sky-high inflation to chronic labour shortages to broken supply chains. 

Which of these COVID distortions will fade over time and which will remain long term? That is a key question for investors.

“There are some aspects of the pandemic that are fleeting and some that will persist,” says portfolio manager Alan Wilson. “That’s the issue we are grappling with today. We need to get the answer right because it will likely determine which companies thrive in a post-COVID world and which fall behind.”

Why is inflation so high?

With elevated inflation representing the most impactful distortion, a team of Capital Group portfolio managers, analysts and economists decided to study consumer price levels in 22 countries in relation to the growth of the money supply, or M2. (M2 is a broad measure of money that includes currency, coins, checking and savings deposits, as well as shares in money market funds.)

The team looked at many other COVID-related distortions, as well, some of which are covered in more detail below. But since inflation touches virtually all parts of the economy, it makes sense to start there.

As it turns out, the basic laws of economics proved correct.

A rapidly growing money supply — boosted by pandemic-era government stimulus measures, aggressive bank lending and ultra-low interest rates — coincided with drastically higher inflation. In other words, the countries that stimulated the most during the pandemic generally wound up with the highest rates of inflation.

In fact, one could argue that today’s high inflation is not the biggest distortion, but rather it was the unprecedented monetary and fiscal stimulus undertaken by the United States, Canada and Europe, among others, says portfolio manager Julian Abdey.

“I am reminded of the famous Milton Friedman quote: ‘Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon,’” Abdey notes. “In other words, inflation is caused by too much money chasing after too few goods, and that is exactly what we are seeing today.”

Has inflation peaked?

In June, Canada’s headline annual inflation rate was 8.1%, a 39-year high while U.S. inflation hit 9.1% in June on an annual basis — the highest level since 1981. That may be near the peak for the U.S., Abdey explains, and while there could be lags, what’s important is that the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Bank of Canada (BoC) and many other central banks are now moving fast to tighten monetary policy. That should eventually bring inflation down. In addition, most governments are no longer sending pandemic support payments to businesses and individuals.

Does this mean inflation could return to the 2% level that has long been the Fed’s and other central bankers’ target?

“That is highly dependent on the Fed’s response going forward,” Abdey adds. “I can see different scenarios, including a more inflationary one, as well as the possibility of a return to deflation. If the Fed remains hawkish and tightens too much, that could result in a nasty recession. On the other hand, if it reverses course, then high inflationary expectations could become embedded into the real economy.”

Embedded high inflation expectations is a primary worry for the BoC, as it may lead firms to set prices even higher. Similarly, in response to higher expected inflation, workers may bargain for persistently higher wage growth to protect against anticipated losses in purchasing power. The resulting stronger wage growth feeds into production costs and prompts firms to raise prices even further. This boosts inflation expectations, perpetuating the spiral. In its Monetary Policy Report released in July, the Bank of Canada detailed the risks of de-anchored inflation expectations, stating it may require interest rates to rise higher and longer than currently projected, which significantly elevates the risk of recession in 2023. 

The hawkish stance is evident in recent central bank actions north and south of the border. In September, the Fed and BoC announced interest rate hikes of 75 basis points, bringing the U.S. federal funds rate to a target range of 3.00% to 3.25% and the BoC’s policy rate to 3.25%. 

There are signs inflation is starting to retreat. In the U.S., the August inflation reading declined to 8.3% – still a high number historically speaking, but significantly below the 9.1% reading in June. Inflation has also come down over the summer in Canada. Canada’s headline consumer price index fell from 8.1% in June to 7.6% in July and 7.0% in August.

Volatile energy prices, a main contributor to inflation in both countries, appear to have peaked over the summer and have moved lower. U.S. and Canadian gasoline prices, for example, have declined by roughly 25% over the past three months. Food prices, however, continue to rise sharply.

The great resignation

Another COVID distortion that remains entrenched is the severe labour shortage. In 2021, a popular media narrative developed around the idea of “the great resignation,” inspired by U.S. government data showing that roughly 47 million people voluntarily quit their jobs that year and seemed to disappear from the workforce.

Further data and myriad surveys helped shed light on the reasons. Many quit to ultimately take better paying jobs. Some older workers opted for early retirement. And roughly 600,000 Americans decided to start their own small businesses, a trend which is hard to track through monthly employment data.

So why is the labour market still extremely tight, with the unemployment rate near a record low of 3.7% in the U.S. and 5.4% in Canada? That’s because the U.S. economy — and many other developed economies around the world — have not kept up with pre-pandemic growth trends, says Capital Group economist Jared Franz.  

“Given the average annual growth in the labour force pre-COVID, we should have four to five million more workers than we have today,” Franz estimates.

This imbalance in the labour force hit some industries harder than others, particularly those most affected by the pandemic-era lockdowns. Those include travel, hospitality, manufacturing and education. The labour imbalance also has significant implications for the Fed and BoC’s rate-hiking path, given the central banks’ desire to cool down the red-hot job market, which adds to inflation through wage increases.

“If these shifts in the labour force persist,” Franz notes, “it would require more rate hikes than the market has priced in today — and for a longer period of time — to realign labour supply and demand.”

Over the long term, Franz believes the labour crunch will ease, especially if the U.S. and Canadian economies falls into recession over the next year or two. But that’s a painful way to solve the problem, he concedes.

“Unfortunately, it does sometimes take a significant downturn to resolve imbalances in the economy,” Franz says.

Stocks and bonds falling

Among all the major distortions in the economy and markets today, this one strikes at the heart of portfolio diversification.

Simply put, when stocks zig, bonds are supposed to zag. Yet that has yet to happen in 2022. Both major asset classes are coming under pressure as high inflation and rising interest rates hurt growth-oriented stocks as well as many types of corporate and government bonds.

As of August 31, the S&P 500 Index has lost about 16% on a year-to-date basis, while the Bloomberg U.S. Bond Aggregate Index, which represents the U.S. investment-grade (rated BBB/Baa and above) bond market, has declined more than 11%. On a total return basis, that hasn’t happened in more than 45 years — a period that includes the 1994 bond market meltdown, the early 2000s dot-com implosion and the 2007–09 global financial crisis.

The entire relationship hinges on inflation.

If the Fed can get consumer prices under control, the historically negative correlation between stocks and bonds should return, explains fixed income portfolio manager Pramod Atluri. 

“That is the trillion-dollar question,” Atluri says. “Are we in a new higher inflation regime or not? I don’t think we are. In my view, we are likely to see inflation come down as the Fed and other central banks continue to raise interest rates and reduce their balance sheets.”

This painful experience, however, could have a long-term impact on the markets by affecting the willingness of governments and central banks to intervene during future times of crisis, Atluri adds.

“In my view, there will be less monetary and fiscal support over the next decade as policymakers assess what went wrong,” he adds. “That would be a big shift from what we’ve experienced over the past decade, which was largely defined by government intervention. Less intervention will likely result in more volatile markets than investors have been accustomed to.”

Silver-lining distortions

Not all COVID distortions necessarily carry a negative connotation. In the equity markets, post-pandemic opportunities are emerging in a number of areas, says portfolio manager Nick Grace.

Those areas include what Grace likes to call “structural changes,” including the transition from traditional energy sources to more sustainable sources; years of underinvestment in commodities, which could lead to a new commodities super cycle; and big industrial shifts, such as the increasing adoption of automation, resulting in greater demand for semiconductors.

He is also watching certain badly bruised tech and consumer-tech companies, including some of the darlings of the COVID lockdowns that have since sharply sold off. The remarkable pull-forward in demand that we saw during the lockdowns has proven to be a fleeting moment in time, rather than a new paradigm, and share prices are starting to reflect that reality.

“A lot of the price distortions we saw in 2020 and 2021 are being unwound,” Grace says, “which doesn’t mean they can’t fall further. But there’s already been a great deal of price destruction, and I think a lot of the excesses have been wrung out of the market.”

Over the next few years, Grace stresses, this is where traditional stock-picking skills will make all the difference.

“Many of these companies won’t survive,” he explains, “but a handful will come out of this downturn stronger and more profitable. It’s our job to identify them through fundamental bottom-up research, and I feel confident about our ability to do it.”